Generation of superoxide anions during the reaction of guanidino compounds with methylglyoxal.

Uremic toxins are accumulated in the blood of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), although alteration of the toxicity by the interaction of various uremic retention products has not been precisely clarified. In this study, we found that cytochrome c added to incubation mixtures containing guanidino compounds and methylglyoxal in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) resulted in reduction of cytochrome c. Superoxide anions were generated from incubation mixtures of each guanidino compound with methylglyoxal, because the reduction was inhibited by the addition of superoxide dismutase. The incubation mixture containing each guanidino compound and methylglyoxal had different rates of generation of the superoxide anion from other mixtures. A relatively higher superoxide anion formation rate was observed in the incubation mixture containing Arg and methylglyoxal (7.9 +/- 0.5nmol x m(-1) x min(-1)), or in the incubation mixture containing methylguanidine and methylglyoxal (6.3 +/- 0.6 nmol x ml(-1) min(-1)). These findings suggest that interactions of various uremic retention products which accumulate in the blood of uremic patients may generate reactive oxygen species and may be involved in the oxidative stress observed in CRF patients. The addition of aminoguanidine, which is known to inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products, to a mixture of guanidino compounds and methylglyoxal inhibited reactions between guanidino compounds and methylglyoxal.